Een onderneming spendeert vaak vele jaren aan de opbouw van een eigen, trouw cliënteel. Tegelijk stelt die onderneming vast dat dat cliënteel ondanks alle inspanningen geen vast gegeven is: enerzijds kiezen sommigen voor een andere leverancier, anderzijds verlaten anderen hun leverancier om bij uw onderneming klant te worden. Het probleem stelt zich pas echt scherp wanneer een medewerker (bv. werknemer) of een onderneming waarmee u samenwerkte, plots een concurrent wordt en een bedreiging vormt voor het cliënteel dat uw onderneming als ‘haar’ cliënteel beschouwt. Waar ligt dan precies de lijn? Wat kan in het spel van de concurrentie en wat niet? Een korte analyse aan de hand van een arrest van het hof van beroep te Gent van 10 september 2012 dat de basisprincipes duidelijk uiteenzet.
Uitgangspunt: vrijheid van mededinging en cliënteel is een res nullius
Rechtsleer en rechtspraak gaan in dergelijke gevallen uit van de vrijheid van mededinging. Deze vrijheid impliceert ook de vrijheid om bijvoorbeeld reclame te maken, cliënteel af te werven en na te bootsen of te kopiëren. Afwerving van cliënteel is dus in principe volop geoorloofd en behoort tot de essentie van de concurrentiestrijd. Het kan een ex-werknemer en/of een gewezen medecontractant niet verweten worden dat hij gebruik maakt van de verworven vorming, beroepskennis en ervaring om de concurrentie aan te gaan. Hij mag zelfs het cliënteel op systematische wijze benaderen als hij kennis heeft van het klantenbestand.
Cliënteel is immers niet het vast en onveranderlijk bezit van één onderneming, maar een res nullius. Tegelijk is cliënteel potentieel van iedereen die op de markt actief is. Dit beginsel behoort tot de essentie van een gezonde concurrentie op de markt.
Limieten aan de vrijheid van mededinging
Zoals iedere vrijheid, is ook de vrijheid van mededinging begrensd. De limieten kunnen liggen in onder meer:
- Contractuele bepalingen zoals overeengekomen door de onderneming en haar medewerker en/of medecontractant (bijvoorbeeld een niet-concurrentiebeding);
- Bijzondere wettelijke bepalingen;
- De exclusieve rechten verworven door één van beide partijen die in de weg staan aan de principiële vrijheid van kopie (bv. octrooirechten);
- De Wet Marktpraktijken.
Door middel van de Wet Marktpraktijken kan de concurrentie en afwerving op zich niet belet worden, maar wel de concurrentie en afwerving die gepaard gaat met specifieke bezwarende omstandigheden.
Voorbeelden van begeleidende omstandigheden die afwerving onrechtmatig maken
Het hof van beroep te Gent noemt als begeleidende omstandigheden die de afwerving onrechtmatig maken (niet-limitatief): verwarringstichting, misleiding, slechtmaking, bedrieglijke vermeldingen, gebruik van onrechtmatig verkregen vertrouwelijke informatie, het behalen van een onevenredig groot voordeel, parasitaire aanhaking, rechtsmisbruik en derdemedeplichtigheid aan contractbreuk. Het in het geheim en zonder toestemming kopiëren van een klantenbestand met het oog op de latere afwerving zou in aanmerking kunnen komen. Ook het verspreiden van de onjuiste mededeling dat de onderneming van wie afgeworven wordt, de activiteiten stopzet, kan de afwerving onrechtmatig maken. Echter, als deze mededeling juist is of was in de context waarin de mededeling werd gedaan, maakt die de afwerving niet onrechtmatig (zie ook het arrest van het hof van beroep te Gent van 10 september 2012).
Gevolgen voor de praktijk
De enige efficiënte wijze waarop een onderneming concurrentie vanwege een ex-werknemer of ex-medecontractant kan voorkomen, is het gebruik van een niet-concurrentieverplichting binnen de wettelijke grenzen. Aan de hand van de Wet Marktpraktijken kunnen hoogstens de uitwassen van concurrentie en afwerving bestreden worden, maar geenszins de concurrentie of afwerving zelf. De Wet Marktpraktijken is m.a.w. geen middel om de concurrentie tegen te houden, maar wel om ervoor te zorgen dat de concurrentie eerlijk verloopt.
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